
Nicholas Briggs (born 29 September 1961) is an English actor, writer, director, sound designer, composer and voice actor. He is predominantly associated with the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who and its various spin-offs, particularly as the voice of the Daleks and the Cybermen in the 21st century series. He is also the executive producer of Big Finish Productions, for which he has produced, directed and written several audio plays, as well as acting in many of them.

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

Six friends in their thirties navigate dating, sexual adventures, and mishaps on their quest to find love....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The Doctor and his companion, Evelyn, investigate a series of mysterious disappearances on the planet Chronos....

A web series made to promote the second series of Doctor Who in 2006. Each episode acts as a prequel to the events of the corresponding episode....

Doctor Who Extra brings you unprecedented access to the making of Doctor Who... Featuring interviews with Peter Capaldi and Jenna Coleman, it's the ultimate backstage pass!...

The Daleks’ plundering of the Archive of Islos uncovers something ancient and deadly. Soon Skaro is under attack and the Dalek Emperor is on the run! Can the Daleks defeat their adversaries and regain their planet, even with help from an old enemy? Will this be the end of the Daleks?...

The Daleks’ plundering of the Archive of Islos uncovers something ancient and deadly. Soon Skaro is under attack and the Dalek Emperor is on the run! Can the Daleks defeat their adversaries and regain their planet, even with help from an old enemy? Will this be the end of the Daleks?...

The Doctor and his companion travel across time and space encountering incredible friends and foes....

Takes viewers on a journey through time and space to relive all the action from the sci-fi show, featuring exclusive interviews with key actors offering unique insights on the classic moments....

The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The Doctor saves planets for a living—more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it....

The exploits of a team of people whose job is to investigate the unusual, the strange and the extraterrestrial....

The Doctor and his companion travel across time and space encountering incredible friends and foes....

Sarah Jane Smith is a truly remarkable woman who inhabits a world of mystery, danger and wonder; a world where aliens are commonplace and the Earth is under constant threat. A world that Maria Jackson, a seemingly ordinary girl, can only dream of – until she moves in next door. Nothing will ever be ordinary again....

The Doctor and his companion travel across time and space encountering incredible friends and foes....

Myth Makers was a semi-professional series of documentaries about the principal creatives of the 1963 version of Doctor Who. It was produced for the direct-to-video market by Reeltime Pictures — with most releases being interviews of a single cast or crew member conducted by Nick Briggs. The vast majority of the original interviews were conducted between the mid-1980s and the early 2000s. A few more volumes surfaced until the late 2000s, but most of the releases in the 2000s were actually remast...

The adventures of a mysterious amnesiac traveller and his companion....

The adventures of a mysterious amnesiac traveller and his companion....

The adventures of a mysterious amnesiac traveller and his companion....

This documentary contains the best in-depth interviews with Sylvester McCoy (the Seventh Doctor), Sophie Aldred (Ace), Angela Bruce (Brigadier Bambera), Jessica Martin (Mags), Lisa Bowerman (Bernice Summerfield) and Script Editor Andrew Cartmel ever undertaken! Presented by Robert Dick, “voice of the Daleks” Nicholas Briggs and “Ace” Sophie Aldred....

Theis documentary contains the best in-depth interviews with Paul McGann (the Eighth Doctor), Daphne Ashbrook (Grace Holloway), Yee Jee Tso (Chang Lee), Eric Roberts (The Master), Philip Segal (Producer) and Geoffrey Sax (Director). Presented by Sophie Aldred, Robert Dick and the voice of the Daleks Nicholas Briggs....

Peter Davison, the Fifth Doctor, meets the talented people and stars who have helped create the show both past, present and future, and asks 'Who is the Doctor? What makes him tick? What will make the Twelfth Doctor unique?'...

Set in the lovely village where the Doctor Who episodes titled "The Dæmons" (#059) was shot, this documentary takes place in 1992 shortly before the death of Jon Pertwee, and is hosted by classic series regulars like Nicholas Courtney, Richard Franklin, John Levene, Director - Christopher Barry, and the current voice of the Daleks, Nicholas Briggs. The documentary features interviews with actors, the director, local residents, and crew. All of the locations used in the episode are reviewed, and ...

Actor William Hartnell felt trapped by a succession of hard-man roles while wannabe producer Verity Lambert was frustrated by the TV industry's glass ceiling. Both of them were to find unlikely hope and unexpected challenges in the form of a Saturday tea-time drama. Allied with a team of unusual but brilliant people, they went on to create the longest running science fiction series ever made....

Gerry Anderson’s successful career spanned 60 years. Released a decade after his death, this documentary draws on exclusive access to over 30 hours of previously unpublished interviews, in order to share the untold stories that defined his life and body of work....

The Airzone Solution takes place in a future Britain where pollution has reached a point where the populace must often wear filtration masks when they venture outside. AirZone, a powerful corporation, signs a lucrative deal with the government to deal with the problem. The public is told that AirZone plans to build giant filtration plants to clean the atmosphere, but environmentalists are skeptical, especially when people begin dying and disappearing around AirZone facilities....

A selection of classical favourites with a strong flavour of time and space. Join Freema Agyeman (aka Martha Jones), and others from the Doctor Who cast, for an intergalactic musical adventure - with a little help from Daleks, Cybermen and other aliens from the series!...

The very first crew of the TARDIS land in a petrified forest on an alien planet. Determined to explore, the Doctor leads his companions into the metal city, where they discover danger at every corner and what will become his deadliest enemy... the mutant Daleks. It's time to encounter the Daleks once again, but this time in a way you've never seen them before. Originally transmitted in December 1963 to February 1964, the seven original episodes of the first Dalek story have received a cosmic ma...

Doctor Who travelled with the most gorgeous girls in the Cosmos. But was there any Lust in Space? Doctor Who is on trial - and the charge is sexism! The scene is set, the witnesses called. We expose Doctor Who’s final taboo! It’s everything you wanted to know about sex (in Doctor Who) but were afraid to ask!...

In April 1983, Roger Stevens and James Russell were given “Access All Areas” passes to the BBC’s Doctor Who celebrations at Longleat. Armed with a Ferguson Videostar camera they set out to record as much of the event as they could. While the BBC’s official footage amounts to only a few minutes for news broadcasts, James and Roger recorded several hours, and their material includes interviews with both Patrick Troughton and Tom Baker. Some of this material has been used in other productions by b...

Doctor Who returns to the Proms to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the popular BBC series. As well as showcasing Murray Gold’s music from the past eight years, the concert also journeys back to the early days of Doctor Who and the groundbreaking work of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. Featuring special guests from the series, big screens and a host of monsters ready to invade the Royal Albert Hall, this is not the year to be exterminated!...

The Doctor hurtles through space and time to a crucial point in the Daleks’ history....

In 1996, a Doctor Who TV movie was envisioned to lead the franchise into an exciting new future with a fresh direction but was met only by an outcry from disapproving fans. Now, follow the film’s screenwriter, Matthew Jacobs, as he is pulled back into the world of the Doctor Who fandom, where he unexpectedly finds himself a kindred part of this close-knit, yet vast, family of fans....

With the 50th anniversary of Doctor Who about to film, the "classic" Doctors Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy are keen to be involved. But do they manage it?...

To celebrate its 40th Anniversary, this is the definitive set of interviews with six of the team of actors who brought Blake’s 7 to life … plus a bonus interview with SFX creator Mat Irvine! These seven documentaries are the best in-depth interviews with Gareth Thomas (Blake), Jan Chappell (Cally), Michael Keating (Vila), Jacqueline Pearce (Servalan), Stephen Greif (Travis), Peter Tuddenham (Zen, Orac & Slave) and Mat Irvine (SFX) ever undertaken. Presented by “voice of the Daleks” Nicholas Br...

When P.R.O.B.E. is summoned to investigate the savage murder of a retired headmaster, Liz Shaw is disturbed to find evidence of satanic rite near the scene of the crime. She soon discovers a web of deceit and corruption that extends back in time, threatening the current occupants of nearby Winterborne School. With P.R.O.B.E. under threat from within and the death toll mounting, Liz finds herself under increasing pressure from all sides to produce results... The Devil of Winterborne is at larg...

The Grand Pier opened on the 11th June 1904. The first pavilion housed a 2,000-seat theatre and the second a vast entertainment complex. Both were destroyed by fire. This is the story of over 100 years of history up to 2008. After a devastating fire destroyed the pavilion in 2008, owners Kerry and Michelle Michael immediately decided to rebuild and embarked on an amazing journey that took over two years to complete. In 2010, with the new pavilion nearly complete, everyone was working toward th...

In 2013, something terrible is awakening in London's National Gallery; in 1562, a murderous plot is afoot in Elizabethan England; and somewhere in space an ancient battle reaches its devastating conclusion. All of reality is at stake as the Doctor's own dangerous past comes back to haunt him....

Mr Jackson is the perfect hitman. Cold, calculating and professional. You see him and you die. Don’t you?...

This is the definitive set of interviews with the team of actors who brought the William Hartnell era of Doctor Who to life! Together with a special tribute to William Hartnell (the First Doctor), containing messages from a host of stars and production staff from Doctor Who, this also features the best in-depth interviews ever undertaken with, Carole Ann Ford (Susan), Jacqueline Hill (Barbara), William Russell (Ian), Peter Purves (Steven) and Jackie Lane (Dodo)!...

This is the definitive set of interviews with the team of actors who brought the Jon Pertwee era of Doctor Who to life! This documentary includes the best in-depth interviews with Jon Pertwee (the Third Doctor), Katy Manning (Jo Grant), Caroline John (Liz Shaw), Nicholas Courtney (The Brigadier), Richard Franklin (Captain Yates) and John Levine (Sergeant Benton) ever undertaken....

This is the definitive set of interviews with the team who brought the Peter Davison era of Doctor Who to life! This documentary includes the best in-depth interviews with Janet Fielding (Tegan), Sarah Sutton (Nyssa), Matthew Waterhouse (Adric), Mark Strickson (Turlough) and Anthony Ainley (The Third Master) ever undertaken! Plus two more special productions featuring Peter Davison and his assistants at 1980s DOCTOR WHO conventions!...

Sadie Miller and Daisy Ashford share a bond. Daisy is the daughter of Caroline John and Sadie of Elisabeth Sladen. As all fans know, Caroline portrayed scientist Liz Shaw and Elisabeth journalist Sarah Jane Smith in the classic series of Doctor Who! In this touching and revealing documentary, Nicholas Brigss finds out what is was like growing up with such famous mothers and the heartbreak of losing them both so tragically early....

This is the definitive set of interviews with the team of actors who brought the TOM BAKER era of DOCTOR WHO to life! This documentary includes the best in-depth interviews with TOM BAKER (the Fourth Doctor), ELISABETH SLADEN (Sarah Jane), IAN MARTER (Harry), LOUISE JAMESON (Leela), MARY TAMM (Romana) and JOHN LEESON (Voice of K9)!...

This is the definitive set of interviews with the team who brought the Colin Baker era of Doctor Who to life! This documentary includes the best in-depth interviews with Colin Baker (the Sixth Doctor), Nicola Bryant (Peri), Bonnie Langford (Mel), Michael Jayston (The Valeyard), John Nathan-Turner (Producer) and Eric Saward (Script Editor) ever undertaken!...

For the second time since its revival, Doctor Who's music will be enjoyed by numerous fans since the previous Proms in 2008. Everyone's favourite monsters are here! Nothing else to do but hang on for the ride, and see where you end up....

After serving six years for killing his schoolmate, a young man learns that someone is out for revenge....

The Doctor and Bill are chased by a group of Daleks in a short introductory video to present Bill, the new companion, to audiences for the first time....

The Doctor and Ruby Sunday have faced the Bogeyman, fought against Maestro, and survived the battlefield of Kastarion 3. In the epic two-part season finale, The Doctor and Ruby arrive at UNIT headquarters on a top-secret mission and a long-buried secret awaits…...

While on a seemingly routine delivery run for the Brigadier, Benton finds himself close to his childhood home, where ghosts from his past have never rested easily… Trapped in a nightmare world where past and present are one, will he be lost forever or can he fight his way back to reality, where he is desperately needed?...

Doctor Who fan favourite Catherine Tate presents a concert of music, monsters and mayhem featuring soundtracks from the iconic series, a specially shot feature for the Fifteenth Doctor and a host of scary aliens as they thrill a packed audience at London's Royal Albert Hall. In a concert like no other in time and space, the much-loved music, performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, is accompanied by specially edited sequences from the series....

The Stranger (Colin Baker) arrives on Earth with no memory of who he is or why he's there. However, two men on a secret mission seem to know his identity and the owner of a local bar/club seems to be hiding a secret in an upstairs room. Unsure of whom to trust or even believe, The Stranger must try and unravel the threads of his mysterious past...a past he may not want to remember....

Something has traveled across space and arrived at a deserted railway station. A train arrives with a single passenger, a woman waits on the platform. Why is the station patrolled by sinister robotic Drudgers?...

The Stranger (Colin Baker), still stranded on Earth, has escaped his pursuers and found a safe haven under an assumed name. But his former associates want him back and are not giving up the chase so easily, and his lost past is about to catch up with him......

A reluctant Solomon (Colin Baker), along with his former associates Egan (David Troughton) and Saul (John Wadmore), have (they think!) escaped Earth and returned to their own dimension. But a mysterious force returns them to Earth and drops them right into the middle of a top-secret experiment involving a young girl's mind powers. They soon find that the experiment has gone wrong and unleashed something deadly...and unless they can find a way to stop it, they and the experiment's team members wi...

In the second "Stranger Than Fiction" documentary, Mark Gatiss explores the three latest BBV productions; "The Terror Game", "Breach of the Peace" and "The Zero Imperative", from the writers perspective. Using behind-the-scenes Hi-8 footage, outtakes and interviews with Colin Baker, Jon Pertwee, Sylvester McCoy and Nick Briggs, this fascinating documentary examines the script from initial beginnings, through character and narrative development to its eventual realisation on the screen....

Gary Russell of Marvel Comics' Doctor Who Magazine investigates the world of BBV. In a relatively short space of time and with relatively small amounts of money, Bill Baggs has produced a series of videos which have a special appeal for Doctor Who fans. Stranger Than Fiction looks at the development of BBV's production techniques, through story, rehearsal and shooting. There's a chance to discover the origins of the scripts, as well as to see lost scenes from the Stranger videos and The AirZon...

As the Twelfth Doctor nears regeneration, he stumbles on his first incarnation, also refusing to change. It takes a captain, a glass avatar and a familiar face to convince the Doctors the universe still needs them....

Filmed in ‘Ultramarionation’ Gerry Anderson’s FIRESTORM will be made using puppets, real sets, miniatures and practical FX - the next step in evolution from the old Supermarionation series of the 60s....

"Friday, 9th August 1963 Cast and crew members prepare for the recording of a new BBC TV series..." In a corridor outside of Studio D, a reporter asks a script writer how he sees his new programme, "Doc' True", which he describes as "like nothing you've ever seen before", only to be interrupted by an actor dressed as a medical doctor describing it as a "British Doctor Kildare, only much more real". He is then interrupted himself by an actor dressed as a caveman. When the writer takes the 'doct...

A spoof of Blade Runner, built around bloopers and outtakes from the Myth Makers series of videos, featuring interviews with actors from the Doctor Who TV series....

Over Easter weekend the 3rd and 4th of April 1983 the BBC held the biggest Doctor Who event ever to celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the programme. The BBC expected 10,000 people a day. They got 30,000. We travel back to 1983 using extensive video footage of the entire event plus interviews with those people who were there – both the organisers and the attendees. In this landmark video we feature Heather Hartnell, Patrick Troughton, Jon Pertwee, Tom Baker, Peter Davison and a host of celebri...

This video details the legendary Patrick Troughton's convention appearances in America using rare and unseen footage, plus interviews from fans who met him....

Orbiting a quiet backwater planet, the massed forces of the universe's deadliest species gather, drawn to a mysterious message that echoes out to the stars. And amongst them, the Doctor. Rescuing Clara from a family Christmas dinner, the Time Lord and his best friend must learn what this enigmatic signal means for his own fate and that of the universe....

The Doctor arrives in Victorian London. It's Christmas, but snow isn't the only thing descending on the tranquil and jubilant civilization, as familiar silver giants from an alternate reality are amassing in numbers. The Cybermen are on the move again, and the only beings who can stop them are the Doctor and... another Doctor?...

Two years have passed since the Nestene creature vanished from UNIT's top secret Warehouse... Suddenly and without warning the Nestene strikes, once again using Autons as its deadly foot soldiers. As mysterious UNIT operative Lockwood struggles to unearth the Nestene plan, he finds himself drawn to remote Sentinel Island. There, the population have been caught up in a bizarre frenzy of religious activity. Lockwood is joined by Natasha Alexander, a new scientific advisor with her own, sinister ...

In this epic two-part finale, the Doctor comes face to face with the mysterious Missy, and an impossible choice is looming. With Cybermen on the streets of London, old friends unite against old enemies, and the Doctor takes to the air in a startling new role....

Something is afoot in the lonely Cornish village of Merrymaid Bay. Rumours of dead men working in the tin mines have sent a chill through the community, and it's up to the Doctor and Charley to get to the bottom of the mystery. Can the legends of the Bucca that haunts the mines be true? And just what awesome power do the Doctor's greatest enemies - the Daleks! - threaten to unleash upon the universe?...

On a remote island in the South Atlantic the crew of a British drilling company discover a capsule, buried in rock for millenia. To their astonishment they discover an occupant, which is fully functional but depleted. As the Doctor arrives in his Tardis the chief technician manages to successfully reactivate the occupant with potentially devastating consequences for not just the mining facility but the entire future of the planet. Too engaged in playing out their own personal politics the crew r...

A look at the appearances of the Daleks and Davros in the classic Doctor Who era....

This documentary includes the best in-depth interviews with TREVOR MARTIN (the Doctor in the stage play Seven Keys to Doomsday), DAMARIS HAYMAN (Olive Hawthorne in The Daemons), STEWART BEVAN (Cliff Jones in The Green Death), JEREMY BULLOCH (Hal the Archer in The Time Warrior), ANDREW HAYDEN-SMITH (Jake Simmonds in Rise of the Cybermen) and DAVID BRIERLEY (Voice of K9) ever undertaken!...

This documentary includes five in-depth interviews with IAN COLLIER (Omega - Arc of Infinity), BERNARD ARCHARD (Marcus Scarman - Pyramids of Mars), DAVID GOODERSON (Davros - Destiny of the Daleks), PETER MILES (Nyder - Genesis of the Daleks), JULIAN GLOVER (Scaroth - City of Death), plus a fascinating tribute to ROGER DELGADO (The Master) by the cast and production staff he worked with....

This documentary includes the best in-depth interviews with PRENTIS HANCOCK (Vaber, Salamar and Shrieve Captain), GEOFFREY BEEVERS (The Master), ANGUS LENNIE (Storr, Angus MacRanald), SHANE RIMMER (Seth Harper), KAI OWEN (Rhys Williams - Torchwood) and NICK JOSEPH (roles too numerous to list) ever undertaken!...

This special release contains I WAS A DOCTOR WHO MONSTER!, hosted by the Seventh Doctor SYLVESTER McCOY, and five in-depth interviews with RAY CUSICK (Dalek Designer), CY TOWN (Dalek Operator), MICHAEL WISHER (Davros), DAVID BANKS (Cyberleader) and JACK PITT (Monster Man)!...

This documentary includes the best in-depth interviews with NABIL SHABAN (Sil), CHRISTOPHER RYAN (Kiv, General Staal, Commander Stark), STEPHEN THORNE (Omega, Azal, Eldrad), TERRY MOLLOY (Davros), STUART FELL and JON DAVEY (who have both played monsters too numerous to list!) ever undertaken!...

This documentary includes the best in-depth interviews with NIGEL ROBINSON (Writer), ANDREW SKILLETER (Author), JEFF CUMMINS (Artist), plus a galaxy of creatives from THE TARGET BOOKS TEAM, VIRGIN PUBLISHING and TELOS PUBLISHING!...

Guerillas time-jump back from the 22nd century to assassinate Sir Reginald Styles - a diplomat working for World Peace, The Doctor discovers they are from a future where the Daleks have invaded the Earth (Following wars precipitated by Styles's destruction at the peace conference). With the Daleks desperate to maintain their version of history, The Doctor and Jo find themselves in a totalitarian future, where they must discover who really happened and prevent it....

The Doctor and his companion Evelyn investigate a series of mysterious disappearances on the planet Chronos and once again encounter the dangerous Cybermen....

Back in the early 1990s, a stunning new science fiction series Starwatch premiered on British television. It was a massive success and became a global phenomenon, giving its star Jon Pertwee his greatest role as Jason Havlin… well perhaps in an alternative reality this is what happened. Who knows? But here, on this Earth, all that remains is, quite literally, a teaser of what might have been. In this new documentary, we delve into the story of Starwatch, how it was created and why it never reach...

Nick Briggs and Doctor Who Magazine's assistant editor Peter Ware take a look at the reasons why monsters often return for further adventures....

Producer Steve Broster guides us through the creation of his Special Edition of this story....

Presented by “voice of the Daleks” Nicholas Briggs, these six documentaries are the best in-depth interviews with Graham Williams (Producer), David Fisher (Writer), Andrew Smith (Writer) and June Hudson (Costume Designer) ever undertaken! Plus special productions featuring Genesis of the Daleks team Michael Wisher (Davros), Peter Miles (Nyder), Roy Skelton (Dalek Voices) and also actors Arthur Cox, Terence Denville, David Garfield and David Weston!...

What makes a convention? Is it the signings, cosplay or the social aspect. In this documentary we will take a look into all those subjects. We also talk to some convention organisers to see why the decided to make a convention. We touch on conventions coming out of lockdown and how they will change....

Belinda Chandra has been kidnapped by robots, faced a terrifying god and a creature of pure evil on her travels with the Doctor. With the TARDIS still unable to get her home to Earth, Belinda must fight for her life as the Doctor faces an almighty threat to reality itself…...

A look at the merchandising opportunities presented by the popularity of the Daleks....

In 1974, Ian Marter was cast as Harry Sullivan, opposite Tom Baker and Elisabeth Sladen, in a new era of Doctor Who. Marter was meant to be the show’s action man, but just months prior to joining, his erratic health nearly caused his death. This new feature-length documentary explores in intimate detail Marter’s turbulent, enigmatic and brilliant life....

A documentary about the writer Terry Nation, creator of the Daleks....

Moscow 1967. The Doctor and Ace have arrived behind the Iron Curtain, and the Soviet Union is seeking a new weapon that will give it mastery in the Cold War. What is the secret of the Martian relics? As the legendary War Lord Sezhyr returns to life, the Doctor is faced with some of his oldest and deadliest enemies. The fate of Earth – and the future of Ace – are now intertwined......